Thèse en cours

Architectures des systèmes planétaires via l'imagerie d'exoplanètes et de disques avec SPHERE au Very Large Telescope

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AttentionLa soutenance a eu lieu le 23/09/2024. Le document qui a justifié du diplôme est en cours de traitement par l'établissement de soutenance.
Auteur / Autrice : Célia Desgrange
Direction : Gaël Chauvin
Type : Projet de thèse
Discipline(s) : Astrophysique et Milieux Dilués
Date : Inscription en doctorat le
Soutenance le 23/09/2024
Etablissement(s) : Université Grenoble Alpes
Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale physique
Partenaire(s) de recherche : Laboratoire : Institut de Planetologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble
Jury : Président / Présidente : Jean-louis Monin
Examinateurs / Examinatrices : Christine Chen, Pierre Kervella, Sasha Hinkley, François Menard
Rapporteur / Rapporteuse : Christine Chen, Pierre Kervella

Résumé

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The direct imaging technique is the only viable method to complete our view of the planetary system architectures and to set constraints on giant planet formation scenarios at large (>5 au) separations. Direct imaging can currently detect the near- and mid-infrared emission of young self-luminous giant planets and resolve the material left over from planet formation processes, i.e., the debris disks. Those disks consist of small particles resulting from collisional cascades among planetesimals. During my Ph.D., I focused my research on the architectures of planetary systems from an observational perspective. I used mainly the ground-based instrument SPHERE, which has now been in operation at the VLT for more than 10 years, demonstrating a high level of performance and stability. SPHERE has produced outstanding results in a variety of scientific areas, but primarily in the field of direct imaging of exoplanetary systems, including the discovery of new exoplanets and planet-forming or debris disks. In particular, I worked on a detailed study of two specific, young systems, and also on a survey of a larger, older sample to get a statistical view of planetary system architectures. These results give constraints on theoretical models of planet formation and evolution, from grain-size to planet-size scales. The two individual studies focused on debris disk systems, HD 120326 and HD 95086. The first one has an enigmatic, complex debris disk, with both small (<100 au) and large (<1000au) structures, and no detected planet yet. The second one can be considered as a massive solar system analog, with a 4-5 Jupiter-mass planet lying in the cavity between two belts. In both systems, yet unseen planets are expected to sculpt the disk structures, and are prime targets for the ELT, which could detect them. In HD 120326, I focused on constraining the global morphology of the disk, by coupling SPHERE, HST and ALMA data, and on the dust properties, such as their scattering phase function, reflectance and degree of linear polarisation. In HD 95086, I led an in-depth SPHERE direct-imaging and spectroscopic characterization of the gas giant planet b. This planet is under-luminous and has a red color, and I showed with my collaborators that the presence of dust around it could be either located in the upper layers of the atmosphere, or in a circumplanetary disk around it. Finally, I worked on a SPHERE survey of very nearby (<20 pc) super-Earth and mini-Neptune hosts. The goal was to constrain the presence of giant planets in those systems, to better understand the formation of close-in low-mass planets. This project helped to understand the current detection limits of extreme adaptive optics systems in terms of planetary mass and separation for mature systems (> 500 Myr). It also helped to investigate the benefits of coupling direct imaging with radial velocity and astrometric measurements with Gaia. As for perspectives, an important upgrade of the SPHERE instrument, named SPHERE+, is currently under development. The validated SPHERE+ upgrade corresponds to the upgrade of its extreme adaptive optics system, by adding a second stage. This will be a technology demonstration for the second-generation spectro-imager on the ELT, named PCS, that aims to image exo-Earths. I contributed regarding the definition of future scientific cases of SPHERE+, by working on the future performance of a new, putative medium-resolution spectrograph, which would take advantage of the improved performances of the upgraded adaptive optics system.