Projeter les conditions de coexistence et de subsistance en milieu urbain : des outils pour transformer les espaces ouverts de proximité

Designing the conditions for coexistence between all forms of life : tools design for transforming neighbourhood open spaces

• Auteur / Autrice : Baptiste Haour
• Direction : Aysegül Cankat Louet, Fabrizio Tucci
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Architecture
• Date : Soutenance le 27/09/2024
• Etablissement(s) : Université Grenoble Alpes en cotutelle avec Università degli studi La Sapienza (Rome)
• Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale sciences de l'homme, du politique et du territoire (Grenoble ; 2001-....)
• Partenaire(s) de recherche : Laboratoire : Architecture, environnement et cultures constructives (Grenoble, Isère, France ; 2010-....)
• Jury : Président / Présidente : Pietromaria Davoli
• Jury : Examinateurs / Examinatrices : Sophie Paviol, Filippo Angelucci, Carol Monticelli
• Jury : Rapporteurs / Rapporteuses : Yann Nussaume, Luc Gwiazdzinski

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Écologie urbaine

Dessin d'architecture

Transition écologique

Espaces libres (urbanisme)

Mots clés libres

Espaces ouverts

Outils de projet

Dessin et re-Dessin

Subsistance

Relations au vivant

Open spaces

Design tools

Drawing and re-Drawing

Livelihood

Relationship the Nature

Résumé

La crise écologique, avant d’être une affaire d’économie des émissions de CO2 et de perte de biodiversité, est d’abord une crise des relations entre les humains, les autres vivants et la biosphère, qui menace les conditions de vie elles-mêmes. Face à ce présupposé, c’est l’objectif du maintien de la vivabilité, c’est dire du caractère vivable de la Terre qui doit être visé.Pour y répondre, la thèse envisage comme piste de réflexion ce que l’on peut nommer les lieux de subsistance de proximité : le potager sur le toit, le jardin de pluie dans la cour, l’atelier de réparation itinérant dans la rue, ou encore le verger dans le parc. Ces lieux semblent en effet instaurer une forme de vivabilité qui respecte les limites planétaires et l’ensemble des formes de vie.Alors, en tant qu’architecte, comment apprendre de ces lieux, et ainsi fabriquer des outils pour voir et pour projeter les conditions et qualités du vivable ?La thèse apporte des éléments de réponse à cette question en employant le dessin, l’outil privilégié de l’architecte. À partir d’exemples de lieu de subsistance, il s’agit d’extraire les multiples qualités des lieux grâce à la schématisation. Cette connaissance localisée, par un processus d’abstraction graphique, a vocation à se formuler en une connaissance plus générique permettant de construire les outils pour projeter.Ces outils, qui renouvellent les processus de projet, sont par la suite testés dans le quartier de San Lorenzo à Rome. Ces expérimentations de spatialisation conduisent à explorer de nouvelles conditions du vivable en local, basées finalement sur la coexistence, la coévolution et la cohabitation.

This work focuses on the roof terrace, the courtyard, the street, the square and the abandoned site, seeing them as neighbourhood open spaces whose use is or can be shared. The thesis argues that these spaces can establish conditions of liveability that respect planetary limits and other forms of terrestrial life.Soil renaturation and greening, food gardening, DIY manufacturing and reuse, the so-called subsistence activities, potentially undertaken by inhabitants, activate neighbourhood open spaces. The spatialisation of these activities transforms these spaces into places of subsistence: the vegetable garden on the roof, the rain garden in the courtyard, the itinerant repair workshop in the street, or the orchard in the park.So how do places of subsistence contribute to the new conditions of liveability in the urban environment? And how can architects use neighbourhood open spaces to develop tools for incorporating these new conditions and qualities of liveability into the design process?Composing a conceptual framework and building reading tools.A variety of projects and sites representing places of subsistence are brought together to form the corpus. Drawings were used to sketch out the interactions produced and enabled by the places of subsistence. These representations, combined with a selective review of the state of the art, give rise to the concept of a regenerative self-subsistence system. This concept describes the capabilities of subsistence areas, by setting out the three complementary qualities it contains. Firstly, environmental quality, which contributes to decarbonisation, adaptation to heatwaves and floods, and the circularity of resources. Then there's the relational quality, which puts people back among and with other forms of life in the environment. And finally, cooperative quality, which recognises the collective ingenuity of inhabitants in the process of transforming and living in the area. These three qualities are then considered as levers that contribute to the emergence of new conditions of liveability.Producing planning tools based on a reading of places.The corpus, made up of examples of projects and study areas, is mobilised once again to create design tools. A reading grid, formulated on the basis of the three qualities of the system, uses the drawing tool to extract knowledge, by schematising, isolating and highlighting the qualities contained in the situations observed. This localised knowledge, through a process of abstraction made possible by re-drawing, has the capacity to produce generic knowledge: the design tools. These take the form of thematic repertoires or project principles.Projecting new conditions for living in San Lorenzo.The final stage consists of testing these tools in the Roman district of San-Lorenzo. A two-pronged approach is used to assess San Lorenzo's potential for transformation. It combines calculations of climatic performance with drawings to highlight the district's vulnerabilities and qualities. The tools are then used to guide the transformation of the neighbourhood's open spaces, offering new opportunities for inhabitants to come into contact with living plant life.Finally, the thesis highlights the knowledge production mechanisms used by the architect to read and project the qualities of the liveable. The permanent adjustment of these reading/design tools will enable him to respond appropriately to the challenges of his time.