Let F be a local non archimedean field of characteristic not 2 and residual characteristic p. The local theta correspondence over F gives a bijection between some subsets of irreductible smooth complex reprensentations of a first reductive group H and a second reductive group H0, where (H,H0) is a dual pair in a symplectic group. Let R be a field of characteristic ℓ different from p. In this thesis, we give minimal conditions on R so thatStone-von Neumann’s theorem can be generalised in the setting of modular representation theory, which means when the coefficient field is R. This generalisation enables to define a modular Weil representation which verifies analogous properties to that of the complex case [MVW87]. When R is algebraically closed, we generalise the proof of the classical correspondence for non quaternionic dual pairs [GT16] under two assumptions. Firstly,the characteristic ℓ has to be greater than a certain explicit bound which depends on the pro-orders of H1 and H2. The second hypothesis have a deep connection to the theory of intertwining and would result from a better understanding of that theory in the modular setting.