Dopamine (DA) controls movement execution, action selection, and incentive learning by regulating the activity and plasticity of corticostriatal transmission. Long-term modifications require changes in gene transcription. The aim of this work is to study the changes in transcriptions following an operant learning protocol or mimicking stimulation of the reward system with cocaine in the dorsal striatum and the nucleus accumbens in the striatum, and in the prefrontal cortex. The medium-size spiny striatal projection neurons (SPNs) can be divided into 2 different populations based on the expression of the D1 or D2 DA receptor that participate in distinct pathways, which have opposite functional effects on their target regions. We used transgenic mice that express a tagged ribosomal protein (L10a-EGFP) under control of the D1 or D2 receptor promoter to isolate currently translated mRNA and nuclei from each population of SPNs, as well as from D1 neurons of the prefrontal cortex following passive stimulation of the reward system (chronic treatment with cocaine) and active recruitment of the reward system (operant learning for food). Firstly we compared the basal gene expression in the different neuronal populations characterized by the expression of D1 or D2 receptors and their regional localization. We identified hundreds of differentially expressed mRNA providing a precise characterization of the cellular and regional differences. In the second part, we characterized the changes induced in each neuronal population by a 1-week exposure to cocaine or after operant training for food.