Le différend, la phrase symptomatique : Lyotard et Lacan

The differend, phrase symptomatic

• Auteur / Autrice : Sang Hyun Baek
• Direction : Bruno Cany
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Philosophie
• Date : Soutenance en 2010
• Etablissement(s) : Paris 8

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Critique et interprétation

Lacan, Jacques (1901-1981)

Lyotard, Jean-François (1924-1998 ; philosophe)

Art minimal

Réel (psychanalyse)

Symptôme (psychanalyse)

Résumé

Le premier enjeu de la thèse est de conjoindre les termes suivants : le différend (de Lyotard), le symptôme (de Lacan) et le réel (de Lacan). Ce sont des termes qui désignent l’extérieur, non pas dans une dialectique intérieur-extérieur qui aurait recours de l'un à l'autre, mais dans le sens de l’absolument différent à notre système représentatif du phénomène. Le deuxième enjeu réside dans une lecture de l’ouvrage de Lyotard Le différend en rapport avec Lacan. Cela afin d’analyser le terme de différend dans une dimension qui englobe à la fois le domaine de la psychanalyse mais aussi celui de l’éthique et de l’art. A travers ces analyses, nous tenterons d’appliquer la théorie du différend lyotardien dans le procédé du discours psychanalytique et esthétique. Par contre, les textes de Lacan traitant du discours psychanalytique seront étudiés comme des textes de la métaphysique, car chaque texte de l'oeuvre de Lacan, sans aucune exception, implique la structure de l’étant. Nous pourrons ainsi aboutir à une conception du différend comme faisant partie de l'état général de l'étant et que par conséquent seul l’art est capable de fonctionner comme une pratique de l’évasion (au sens levinassien) de cette condition humaine. Cette démonstration sera le troisième enjeu de la thèse. Pour résumer, le différend, qui est à la fois un état primordial de l’homme et un symptôme de l’aliénation du parlêtre, doit être phrasé. Ce phrasé peut s’opérer par le biais d’une pratique de l’art qui aurait pour but d'ouvrir l'étant vers l'extérieur. Cette thèse tentera de le démontrer.

The first purpose of this thesis is to connect next terms - ‘dispute’, ‘symptom’, ‘the real’. As the words that point to the outside of structure, this is not a dialectic meaning of the inside- the outside which one relies on the other one, but they just indicate the outside as the significance that is absolutely different to representative system of phenomenon. Dispute as Lyotard’s concept can accomplish its theoretical possibility eventually when it is considered with Lacan’s term together as symptom or the real. This is not a secondary offshoot as the result of language game or grammatical difference, but it means to achieve the notion of dispute as the traumatic core which exists in the center of structure. This process stops the philosophy of dispute by Lyotard to stay at the level of the relativist philosophy that emphasizes the impossibility of just identifying discourse. The concept of dispute that refers the existence through symptom immediately transfers his philosophy from danger of nihilism to the dimension of “absolute ethic” or “ethic that desires absoluteness”. Therefore, it is not coincidental that Lyotard continuously refers Levinas’ ethics of the Other. It is the purpose in order to lay the foundation for ethics that desires something, in other words, the outside of structure which exists beyond the limitation of our world that the inharmonic point (taking a completely opposite stand to Habermas) is made with emphasizing dispute in the inside of structure. The theorized concept of dispute influenced by Wittgenstein‘s language-game finally acquires the new philosophical level as Lyotard through the ethical transformation. Hence, this “desire’s ethic towards the outside” or “ethic towards the Other” becomes to reveal a little bit clearer outline with referring Lacan’s notion of symptom and the concept of the real that dispute desires. This thesis tries to prove the ethics of Lyotard’s philosophy from the perspective of Lacan. The second aim of this thesis can be a methodological explanation about the first purpose, and it is to develop Lacan’s interpretation for the book- “dispute (le differend)”. This intends to analyze the concept of dispute at the a little bit broader level, and it is also applied to the area of ethics and art as well as psychoanalysis. Through these analyses, we attempt to apply Lyotard’s dispute theory to the discourse of psychoanalytic and aesthetic genre. On the other hand, the texts of Lacan’s psychoanalytic discourse genre will be read as the texts of metaphysics because each text of Lacan’s all works is saying about the structure of a being without any exception. In fact, it can be possible that Lacan is only stating about it. Therefore, we will prove that dispute is a regular state of a being, and art can function as the practice which makes us escape from the alienated human condition. It is the third goal of the thesis to demonstrate the belief through analyzing 20th century art practice. In summary, dispute, which is the fundamental state of a human being and a speaking being’s alienation, must become a sentence, and it can be fulfilled by the art practice that intends to open a being towards the real and the outside. This is, namely the comprehensive point which the thesis tries to demonstrate.