Mécanismes d'adaptation de la détection des lipides alimentaires

Mechanisms and pathways in adaptation of the detection of dietary fat

• Auteur / Autrice : Gabriel Paulino
• Direction : Daniel Tomé
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Physiologie de la nutrition
• Date : Soutenance en 2007
• Etablissement(s) : Institut national agronomique Paris-Grignon (1971-2006)

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Hyperphagie

Leptine

Lipides dans l'alimentation

Obésité

Cannabinoïdes

Mots clés libres

Ganglion nodale

Résumé

The global population is getting obese. From developed to developing countries the pandemic is now irrefutable. Research focusing on obesity has increased exponentially over the past few decades but yet no solution has been found. Dietary fat has been blamed for this epidemic because people adapted to a high-fat diet develop hyperphagic behavior and therefore become obese. The aim of this work was to understand the mechanisms by which a high-fat diet can induce hyperphagia starting from behavorial studies to the molecular biology behind it. These studies have been conducted in two animal models: Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus. The results of these studies have shown that rats subjected to a chronic high-fat diet become hyperphagic upon vagal insensitivity to dietary fat compared to rats fed a low-fat diet. Also, we demonstrated that the cholecystokinin receptor 1 plays an important role in the detection of dietary fat. Finally, we proposed a molecular model of the adaptation of the nodose ganglia by which a decreased expression of the leptin receptor (anorexigenic) was associated with an increased expression of the cannabinoid receptor (orexigenic). This suggests one of the many mechanisms underlying hyperphagic behavior in rats fed a chronic high-fat diet. In conclusion, we have shown that diet is able to interact with genes involved in short-term regulation of food intake. These findings are critical in understanding the potential causes of obesity. The human genome has evolved from the direct interaction between environment and diet; it is not counterintuitive to think that diet can influence gene expression. Why does a high-fat diet induce a hyperphagic response in the organism? Can we find answers by looking back in time and observe how people, diet and environment evolved together? Does the thrifty gene theory make sense in this context? These are questions that need to be answered in order to find a solution to obesity.