Thèse soutenue

Détérioration des parchemins liée aux facteurs environnementaux : étude physico-chimique

FR
Auteur / Autrice : Raffaela Ceccarelli
Direction : Giuseppe Della GattaBernard Bodo
Type : Thèse de doctorat
Discipline(s) : Sciences chimiques
Date : Soutenance en 2006
Etablissement(s) : Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle en cotutelle avec Università degli studi di Torino
Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale Sciences de la nature et de l'Homme - Évolution et écologie (Paris1995-....)
Jury : Examinateurs / Examinatrices : Bertrand Lavédrine, Alberto Schiraldi
Rapporteurs / Rapporteuses : Martine Regert, Maria Letizia Sebastiani

Résumé

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This thesis was completed in co-tutoring between the Università degli Studi di Torino (Dipartimento di Chimica IFM), and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris (Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Documents Graphiques) supported by the Université Italo-Française. Its aim was to reach a better understanding of the processes damaging parchments through the study of the effect of environmental deterioration factors. This thesis was carried out within the compass of the European IDAP project (Improved Damage Assessment of Parchments). Deterioration of collagen, by far the main component of parchment, was studied in the first part of the work by measuring the changes in its thermal stability. Both DSC analysis of collagen thermal denaturation and TG measurements were performed on new parchments (taken as reference), then subjected to artificial ageing, and ancient parchments from libraries and archives. Results were used to evaluate the damage level of parchments by considering two criteria: a) variation of thermodynamic parameters obtained from the analysis of collagen denaturation DSC peaks as a consequence of the ageing treatment; b) presence of other DSC peaks, in addition to the main one, caused by further degradation in collagen structure. Dry heat and pollutants commonly present in urban atmosphere (SO2 and NOx) proved to be the main damaging factors, especially if their effects are combined. Besides, a protocol for the classification of damage level of ancient parchments was derived from the most substantial changes provoked by artificial ageing. A deeper study on the effect of nitrogen oxides NOx showed they react with water present in parchments and form species such as NO2¯ and NO3¯. The chemical species thus generated react by hydrolysing and oxidizing both main collagen chains and side chains of amino acids. These hypotheses were confirmed by the ESI-MS study of models proteins, such as lysozyme and bovine serum albumine (BSA), exposed to high levels of NOx. Mass spectrometry showed that these proteins give rise to ionic interactions with NO3¯ (with NO2¯, only in few cases), and that new species of higher and lower masses are formed as a consequence of oxidation and hydrolysis. Results of infrared spectroscopy showed that the behaviour of these model systems is quite similar to that of collagen in parchment. Lastly, analysis of NOx exposed amino acids allowed us to identify some main degradation products, such as methionine sulfoxyde and methionine sulfone derived from methionine oxidation, and the nitrotyrosine derived from tyrosine nitration whereas amino acids as glycine and proline were not influenced. Nitrotyrosine has proved capable of acting as a specific marker of deterioration induced by NOx.