Les cérémonies et les fêtes dans la littérature arabe médiévale

Ceremonies and celebrations in medieval arabian literature

• Auteur / Autrice : Maria Esperonnier-Pukińska
• Direction : André Miquel
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : I.O.A.N.
• Date : Soutenance en 1997
• Etablissement(s) : Paris 3

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Dans la littérature

Fêtes

Thèmes, motifs

Littérature arabe -- 750-1258

Résumé

La presente these porte sur les principales aires geographiques et culturelles de l'empire islamique au moyen-age et se compose de quatre parties: 1 -presentation des sources utilisees; 2 -fetes religieuses et calendaires; 3 -fete profane et princiere; 4 -egypte fatimide. Le principaux auteurs etudies sont: gahiz, mas'udi, biruni, nasir-i husraw, maqrizi, qalqasandi, ibn tagri birdi, ibn al-hagg, dimasqi, qazwini et les historiens egyptiens contemporains des fatimides: ibn zulaq, musabbihi, ibn al-ma'mun bata'ihi, ibn al-tuwayr, qadi al-fadil. Nous avons etudie les regles qui regissent les differents elements de la fete de la rupture du jeune et de la fete du sacrifice, les deux seules fetes reconnues unanimement par tous les juristes. Parmi les fetes chiites, nous avons retenu principalement la fete de l'etang et la 'asura'. Nous devons a biruni et a maqrizi des exposes importants sur les fetes juives. Les fetes chretiennes sont connues de nombreux auteurs (surtout mas'udi, biruni et abu i-fida'). L'essentiel de la documentation sur les fetes iraniennes anciennes se rapporte a la periode sassanide. En egypte, les anciennes fetes de la crue du nil furent progressivement islamisees. Les hitat de maqrizi et le madhal d'ibn al-hagg comportent d'importants passages sur le fete populaire en egypte. La grande majorite des fetes etait d'origine saisonniere et suivait l'annee astronomique de 365 1/4 jours. Elles etaient liees a la nature. Mais la tradition, l'imagination de l'homme et son besoin de spirituel les ont de bonne heure rattachees a la religion, a la mythologie, a l'histoire. Les femmes sont peu presentes dans les recits relatifs aux fetes. Lorsqu'elles y sont evoquees, il s'agit principalement du milieu populaire. L'islam a su reserver aux fetes qui se sont developpees sur sa terre un formidable accueil fonde sur la tolerance, s'accordant a son peuple de croyants et aux cultures etrangeres.

This thesis deals with the main geographical and cultural entities of the islamic empire in the middle-ages. The study is composed of four parts: 1 -presentation of the source materials that have been used. 2 -religious and calendar feasts. 3 -profane and princely feast and its various constituents. 4 -fatimid egypt. Main authors used as references are: gahiz, mas'udi, biruni, nasir-i husraw, maqrizi, qalqasandi, ibn tagri birdi, ibn al-hagg, dimasqi, qazwini and the contemporary egyptian historians of the fatimid era: ibn zulaq, musabbihi, ibn al-ma'mun bata'ihi, ibn al-tuwayr, qadi al-fadil. We have studied the rules that govern the various components of the festival of the breaking of the fast and of the sacrifice festival, the only two unanimously acknowledged by the legal experts. Among the shiites feasts, we have, before all, insisted upon the celebration of the 'id al-gadir and the 'asura'. We owe biruni and maqrizi some important reports on the jewish feasts. The christian feasts are well known to a lot of authors, particularly mas'udi, biruni and abu i-fida'. The biggest part of the documentation, on the iranian ancient feasts, refers to the sasanid period. In egypt, the old feasts of the nile flood were gradually islamized. Maqrizi's hitat and ibn al-hagg's madhal comprise important passages on the popular feast. Our study has brought us to the following findings: the greatest number of feasts had a seasonal origin and followed the year by 365 1/4. They were linked to nature. But tradition, man's imagination and his need for spirituality have early linked them up to religion, to mythology and history. Women are little present in the narratives related to feasts, and when they are mentioned, it is in general linked to the popular sphere. Islam has been able to wonderfully welcome the feasts that have expanded on its earth and its welcome was founded on tolerance, in agreement with its people of believers and foreign cultures.