Les instituteurs publics dans la societe vendeenne (1833-1914)

Primary state school teachers in the vendee society (1833-1914)

• Auteur / Autrice : Jean-Marc Herreng
• Direction : Jacques Fiérain
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Histoire
• Date : Soutenance en 1987
• Etablissement(s) : Nantes

Résumé

Cette recherche se propose de comprendre le processus de formation d'un corps specifique, celui des instituteurs publics, dans une formation sociale particuliere, celle de la vendee, departement rural ou subsistaient au 20e siecle des rapports d'ancien regime. Sur la base d'echantillons representatifs (50 a 70% selon les criteres), on a reconstitue les origines geographiques et sociales et constate une double evolution : le repli geographique sur le tiers sud-est de la vendee et la faible representation des jeunes gens issus de l'agriculture. Les instituteurs vendeens, quoique d'origine rurale, furent donc souvent des etrangers dans leur commune d'exercice, en particulier sous la troisieme republique ou plus de 16% d'entre eux provenaient en outre d'autres departements. Ces traits etaient encore plus accuses chez les femmes. L'etude des carrieres confirme la rupture observee dans le recrutement apres 1850. L'administration centrale qui se renforcait a cette epoque decouragea les vieux maitres et obligea les autres a se conformer a des normes strictes. La troisieme republique cristallisa le divorce apparu des 1850, surtout dans le bocage et les cantons occidentaux, entre la masse des instituteurs et la societe vendeenne traditionnelle encadree par le clerge. . .

The present research work is meant to understand the process of the development of a specific profession, that of primary state school teachers, in a peculiar social formation, the vendee, a rural department where old regime relations still existed in the 19th century. Their geographic and social extraction was reconstructed on the basis of representative population samples (50 to 70 % according to the criteria) and a twofold evolution was established : a geographic withdrawal to one third of the vendee in the south-east and the low rate of young people born of farmers. The primary state school teachers in vendee, though of rural extraction, often were strangers in their places of work, especially under the third republic when more than 16 % of them came from other departments. These features were even further marked among female teachers. A study of their careers confirms the breach in the recruiting after 1850. The head offices which were being reinforced at that time deterred the old schoolmasters and compelled the others to comply with strict norms. The third republic crystallized the separation that had become patent, as early as 1850, especially in the bocage and the western districts of vendee, between the body of the teachers and the traditional society of vendee strongly influenced by the clergy. . .