Les theories grammaticales d'az-zaggagi

Az-zaggagi's grammatical theories

• Auteur / Autrice : Ḥasan Ḥamzaẗ
• Direction : André Roman
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Linguistique
• Date : Soutenance en 1987
• Etablissement(s) : Lyon 2

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Arabe (langue)

Pays arabes

Grammaire

Mots clés libres

Linguistique

Grammaire arabe

Langues. Arabe

Az-zaggagi ( 10eme s. )

Sibawayhi ( 8eme s. )

Résumé

La tradition grammaticale arabe est marquee par une grande stabilite; mais elle ne ferme pas la porte a tout changement. Cependant, ce changement qui s'est produit a petits pas, reste en deca d'une rupture theorique. Les etudes grammaticales arabes presentent une diversite dans l'unite et un changement dans la continuite sans qu'il y ait toujours un sentiment tres net de ce changement. Les fondements theoriques qui auraient pu rompre cette unite et cette continuite sont peu nombreux d'une part, mal connus et mal recus de l'autre. Abu-l-qasim az-zaggagi (337 949) peut etre etudie comme un exemple de ce changement dans la continuite qui caracterise la tradition grammaticale arabe. Il n'est pas, comme le disent certains chercheurs, un des representants, voire un des fondateurs d'une ''troisieme ecole'' grammaticale arabe, la presence de ''deux ecole'' nous semble mis en cause. L'oeuvre d'az-zaggagi est marquee par son attachement a l'ancien. Sur les grands principes, il n'a fait, generalement, que suivre la tradition grammaticale basrite, notamment l'enseignement de sibawayhi (180 796). Son attachement a l'ancien peut etre illustre dans la theorie de la rection, la division tripartite du discours, la derivation, la limitation du corpus dans le temps, etc. Mais, tout en suivant le chemin deja trace par les predecesseurs, il ne manque pas d'apporter des elements nouveaux ou d'expliciter ce qui reste implicite dans l'oeuvre des anciens. En outre, il a participe activement a la vulgarisation des notions grammaticales et a l'adaptation de ces notions aux besoins de l'enseignement. Az-zaggagi se situe a une croisee des chemins, a une epoque ou culture arabe et culture grecque etaient confrontees. Le grammairien etait donc oblige de se munir d'une culture pluridisciplinaire et de se situer par rapport aux autres disciplines de son epoque. Az-zaggagi n'est pas le temoin de la confrontation entre les deux cultures, arabe et grecque, mais aussi le defenseur de l'independance d'une discipline, la grammaire, face a la percee realisee par la logique a la fin du 3e 9e siecle. Son attitude marque une epoque dans ses preoccupations, ses methodes et ses facons d'argumenter.

Arabic grammatical tradition is characterized by great stability, but itsn't utterly averse to change. However, that change has taken place very gradually and hasn't reachied breaking-down point in the theories. Arabic studies of grammar show diversity in the midst of unity, and a certain amount of change in the midst of continuity, although that change isn't always very conscious. The theorical bases which might have destroyed that unity and that continuity are few, little-known and ill-accepted. Abu l-qasim az-zaggagi (337 949) may be studied as an example of that change in the midst of continuity which is a dominant feature of arabic grammatical tradition. He isn't - as some researchers state it - one of the representatives or even founders of a ''third grammatical school'', the existence of two ''schools'' seems questioned to us. Az-zaggagi's work is characterized by his attachement to tradition. As far as great principles are concerned. He has, generally, speaking, only followed basrite grammatical tradition, particularly sibawayhi's teaching (180 796). His attachement to tradition may be seen in the theories of the governing of cases, of the three parts of speech, of derivation, of the the codification of rules, etc. However, whereas he's following his predecessors' path, he brings new elements or explicit what was left implicit in the ancients' work. Moreover, he has actively taken part in the vulgarization of grammatical notions and in the adaptation of those notions to the needs of teaching. Az-zaggagi stands at at the crossroads, at a time when arabic and greek cultures were confronted. A grammarian was therefore obliged to equip himself with a pluridisciplinarian culture, and to place himself in relation with the other branchs of knowledge of his time. Az-zaggagi isn't a mere witness of the opposition between two cultures, arabic and greek, but he was also a defender of the independance of a subject: grammar, against the breakthrough made by logics in the end of the 3e 9e century, by his preoccupations, his methods, his ways of arguing, az-zaggagi's attitude is outstanding for his time.