Thèse soutenue

Elaboration de matériaux catalytiques à design original

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Auteur / Autrice : Andrés Felipe Sierra salazar
Direction : Patrick Lacroix-DesmazesSiglinda Perathoner
Type : Thèse de doctorat
Discipline(s) : Chimie et Physico-Chimie des Matériaux
Date : Soutenance le 15/11/2017
Etablissement(s) : Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie en cotutelle avec Università degli studi (Messine, Italie)
Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale Sciences Chimiques (Montpellier ; 2015-....)
Partenaire(s) de recherche : Laboratoire : Institut Charles Gerhardt (Montpellier ; 2006-....) - Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier / ICGM ICMMM
Jury : Président / Présidente : Corine Gerardin
Examinateurs / Examinatrices : Patrick Lacroix-Desmazes, Siglinda Perathoner, Corine Gerardin, Stefania Albonetti, Pilar Aranda, Tony Chave, Salvatore Abate
Rapporteurs / Rapporteuses : Stefania Albonetti, Pilar Aranda

Mots clés

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Résumé

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Catalysis is one of the Green Chemistry Principles given its importance for limiting environmental impacts and improving current processes, as well as for developing new sustainable processes and products. In order to provide more performant catalysts, this study provides a novel preparation method for controlling the distribution of metal nanoparticles (NPs) within hierarchically meso- and macroporous catalysts. It consists of the combination of latex synthesis, sonochemistry and sol-gel process. All these steps can be carried out in water, reducing environmental impact. The first step is the synthesis of latex, typically polystyrene. The second step is the sonochemical synthesis and deposition of noble metal NPs on the surface of the latex polymer. The third step is the synthesis of the support by sol-gel process using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) under controlled conditions to modulate the porosity of the final silica matrix. As a result, an original catalyst morphology is obtained with active sites preferentially located within the macropores, which are surrounded by a mesoporous matrix. Using this approach, a monodisperse polystyrene latex (~130 nm) was prepared by emulsion polymerisation and then decorated with Pt NPs (~2.3 nm) by sonochemical reduction. The mesoporous silica support was prepared by sol-gel synthesis in the presence of the decorated latex. After calcination, the organic template left behind macropores with the Pt NPs within the generated macropores. Mesopores (2-15 nm) connecting these macropores (110-400 nm) were tuned by varying the synthesis conditions. Typically, specific surface areas of 615 m2/g and total pore volumes of 0.74 cm3/g were obtained. In a first case of study, hierarchically porous Pt/SiO2 catalysts were evaluated in the selective hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene (p-CNB) to produce p-chloroaniline. They exhibited activities up to 91.7 ± 2.9 molCNB/(min molPt) and selectivity values up to 100 ± 2% at 80% of conversion, in comparison with 47.7 ± 2.9 molCNB/(min molPt) and 91 ± 2%, respectively, obtained with a commercial catalyst under the same conditions. Moreover, in a second case of study, it was possible to prepare silica-supported Pd, Pd-Pt and Pd-CeO2 catalysts with hierarchical porosity (meso and macro). These materials were tested in the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen. The best productivity of H2O2 was obtained with the bimetallic Pd-Pt catalyst with 32500 molH2O2/(h molmetal) in batch, and the best selectivity was obtained with Pd-CeO2/SiO2 catalyst (63 ± 2%) in semi-batch. In summary, this thesis proposes a new aqueous preparation method for hierarchically porous functional materials by the combination of latex synthesis, sonochemical reduction and sol-gel process. It has been demonstrated that this preparation technique provides a very powerful and versatile toolbox for catalyst tailoring and optimisation. Further perspectives to achieve improved morphologies and controlled active sites distribution are also proposed.