Les Indiens Pitaguary et leurs chiens : une communauté hybride?

Os Indios Pitaguary e seus cachorros : uma comunidade híbrida?

Pitaguary Indians and their dogs : a hybrid community

• Auteur / Autrice : Cinthia Moreira de Carvalho Kagan
• Direction : Florent Kohler
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Anthropologie
• Date : Soutenance le 04/11/2015
• Etablissement(s) : Sorbonne Paris Cité
• Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale Europe latine et Amérique latine (Paris ; 1992-....)
• Partenaire(s) de recherche : établissement de préparation : Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle (Paris ; 1970-....)
• Partenaire(s) de recherche : Laboratoire : Centre de recherche et de documentation sur les Amériques
• Partenaire(s) de recherche : Institut : Institut des Hautes Études de l'Amérique latine (Université Paris III)
• Jury : Président / Présidente : Éric Baratay
• Jury : Examinateurs / Examinatrices : Florent Kohler, Éric Baratay, Thierry Bédossa-Legmann, Capucine Boidin-Caravias, Philippe Erikson, Felipe Ferreira Vander Velden

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Ethnologie -- Brésil

Chien

Ceará (Brésil ; État)

Brésil

Relations homme-animal

Mots clés libres

Pitaguary

Ceará (Brésil)

Chien

Zooanthropologie

Communautés hybrides

Pitaguary

Ceará (Brasil)

Cachorro

Zooantropologia

Comunidades híbridas

Pitaguary

Ceará (Brazil)

Dog

Zooanthropology

Hybrids communities

Résumé

Les études de la relation entre les humains et les animaux prennent petit à petit leur place en anthropologie. Depuis plusieurs points d’observation, l’anthropologie interprète et explique les relations établies entre les humains et les animaux au fil de l’histoire. Petit à petit ces études s’engagent à observer les animaux plus proches de nous et plus communs, comme les animaux domestiques (Dalla Bernardina, 2006). Nous essaierons dans cette étude de comprendre comment cet animal domestique interagit socialement et ce qu’il signifie dans un contexte social indigène. Mon objectif est d’ethnographier cette relation entre sujets humains et canins, dont la coexistence et l’histoire font sens. En ce qui concerne les Indiens et les animaux, l’anthropologie nous présente plusieurs travaux, Erikson (1988 ; 1998 ; 2000, 2012), Descola (1986 ; 2005), Viveiros de Castro (1998, 2002 ; 2009), Vander Velden (2009 ; 2011, 2012), Kohler (2011, 2012), qui me serviront de base pour entamer cette recherche. En partant du principe que les êtres humains maintiennent une relation objective et subjective avec les animaux je prétends mener une ethnographie des liens entre les Pitaguary et leurs chiens. J’utiliserai le concept de « communauté hybride » du philosophe Dominique Lestel (1996, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2013) pour définir une société où la relation de collaboration entre humains et animaux se superpose à celle d’autorité. Il s’agit de mettre en lumière les liens interspécifiques au centre des rapports sociaux, où tant l’humain que l’animal ont statut de sujet. Pour mener cette étude, l’immersion dans les terres Pitaguary et l’observation participante de la relation entre ce peuple et ses chiens a été la méthodologie appliquée. Nous évoquons d’abord l’histoire des Pitaguary dans le contexte de la « renaissance » des Indiens du Nordeste, puis la place des animaux, et des chiens en particulier, dans leurs mythes, rituels et pratiques (chasse, soins) et l’interprétation subjective des comportements canins par les Pitaguary eux-mêmes. Nous nous centrons enfin sur les chiens, dans leur quotidien, dans leur histoire de vie, et dans leur relation sociale avec les humains.

O estudo das relações entre humanos e animais ganha paulatinamente espaço na Antropologia. Partindo de diferentes abordagens teóricas e metodológicas, os estudos antropológicos têm buscado interpretar as relações estabelecidas entre animais humanos e não humanos etnográfica e historicamente. Cada vez mais as investigações empenham-se na observação de animais, mais próximos e comuns (Dalla Bernardina, 2006), como as espécies domésticas ou domesticadas. A pesquisa aqui proposta tenta compreender como o animal doméstico interage socialmente com seres humanos em uma população indígena, Erikson (1988 ; 1998 ; 2000, 2012), Descola (1986 ; 2005), Viveiros de Castro (1998, 2002 ; 2009), Vander Velden (2009 ; 2011, 2012), Kohler (2011, 2012). O objetivo foi etnografar a relação entre sujeitos humanos e caninos, cuja longa história de convivência levou à criação de um nexo especial entre uns e outros. Partindo do princípio de que os seres humanos mantêm relações objetivas e subjetivas com os animais, fiz esta pesquisa antropológica baseada na etnografia das relações entre os Pitaguary e seus cachorros, a partir do conceito de “sociedade híbrida”, tal como definido pelo filósofo Dominique Lestel (1996, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2013) para definir uma sociedade em que a relação de colaboração entre homens e animais se sobrepõe à relação de dominação (entendida como determinante no processo de domesticação/familiarização). Trata-se de buscar compreender os laços interespecíficos no seio do convívio social, no qual tanto o humano quanto o animal ocupam o estatuto de sujeito. Pesquisa de campo intensiva nas terras Pitaguary para a observação da relação entre esse povo e seus cães (além de outros animais selvagens, domésticos e familiarizados) foi a metodologia aplicada. Evocamos primeiramente a história dos Pitaguary no contexto do « ressurgimento » dos índios do Nordeste, em seguida o lugar dos animais e dos cães, em particular nos mitos, rituais e práticas (caça, curas) assim como a interpretação subjetiva dos comportamentos caninos pelos próprios Pitaguary. Nos centraremos finalmente sobre os cachorros no quotidiano, suas histórias de vida, e dentro de suas relações sociais com os humanos.

The study of the relations between humans and animals gradually increases in importance in anthropology. Originating from different approaches, the anthropological studies have sought to interpret the relations established between human and animals in historical senses. Researches have more and more concentrated efforts on the observation of the closest and more common animals (Dalla Bernardina, 2006), such as the domestic species. This research will seek to understand how the domestic animal interacts with human, Erickson (1988 ; 1998 ; 2000, 2012), Descola (1986 ; 2005), Viveiros de Castro (1998, 2002 ; 2009), Vander Velden (2009 ; 2011, 2012), Kohler (2011, 2012), beings in a native (Indian) community, analyzing the day-to-day life of the Pitaguary tribe in the State of Ceará, Brazil, with their pet dogs. The goal is an ethnographic study of the relation among human and canine individuals, whose long story of coexistence has led to the creation of a special bond among many of those. Starting from the general idea that humans keep objective and subjective relations with animals, the proposal is an anthropological research based on the ethnography of the relations between the Pitaguary and their pet dogs, based on the concept of a “hybrid society”, such as the defined by the philosopher Dominique Lestel (1996, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2013) in order to define a society in which the relation of collaboration between men and animals overcomes the dominative relation (understood as determining on the process of domesticization/familiarization). It comes down to seek to understand the interespecific connections on the community life, in which both the humans as much as the animals have a leading role. Intensive field research on the Pitaguary landings to assess the relation between this people and their pet dogs (along with other wild animals, domestic e familiarized) will be the methodology to be employed. It must be pointed out the history of the Pitaguary in the context of the “reemergence” of the Indians in Northeastern Brazil, next the importance of their pet animals and dogs, especially on mythical, rites and daily habits (such as hunting and cures) just as the subjective interpretation of the canine behavior by the own Pitaguary. We’ll focus at last on the pet dogs on day-to-day matters, their life stories, and within their social relations with humans.