Caractérisation des phases pré-et post-rupture d'éboulements rocheux de taille intermédiaire : apport des enregistrements sismiques

On the Study of Rockfall Pre-rupture and Post-rupture Phases using Seismic Records

• Auteur / Autrice : Pierre Bottelin
• Direction : Denis Jongmans, Laurent Baillet
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Sciences de l'univers
• Date : Soutenance le 07/01/2014
• Etablissement(s) : Grenoble
• Ecole(s) doctorale(s) : École doctorale Sciences de la terre, de l’environnement et des planètes (Grenoble ; 199.-....)
• Partenaire(s) de recherche : Laboratoire : Institut des sciences de la Terre (Grenoble)
• Jury : Président / Présidente : Anne Paul
• Jury : Examinateurs / Examinatrices : Jan Burjanek
• Jury : Rapporteurs / Rapporteuses : Anne Mangeney, Claudio Scavia

Mots clés

Mots clés contrôlés

Éboulements

Sismologie

Mots clés libres

Risques naturels

Aléa gravitaire

Eboulements

Géophysique

Alerte précoce

Bruit de fond

Rockfall

Natural Hazard

Geophysics

Seismic noise

Early Warning

Ambient Vibrations

Résumé

Les éboulements rocheux de volume intermédiaire (103-105 m3) posent un problème sérieux dans les régions montagneuses en raison de leur fréquence d'occurrence relativement élevée et de leur fort pouvoir destructeur. En conséquence, il est difficile de mener des travaux de protection pour réduire l'aléa, ce qui souligne le besoin de techniques de suivi et d'alerte précoce avant la rupture. Après l'éboulement, peu d'informations quantitatives sont disponibles sur la phase de propagation en raison de la soudaineté du phénomène et de sa localisation dans des pentes raides et difficiles d'accès. Dans ce travail de thèse, une approche expérimentale est proposée pour extraire des informations à partir d'enregistrements de signaux sismiques durant les phases pré- et post-rupture d'éboulements.La première partie de ce travail vise à tester la pertinence des vibrations ambiantes pour le suivi temporel de la réponse dynamique de compartiments rocheux lors de la phase pré-rupture. Cette technique (couramment employée en génie civil pour le suivi de l'intégrité des structures) permet d'extraire les fréquences de résonance d'une structure, dont la décroissance peut traduire l'endommagement. Une étude antérieure menée sur une colonne calcaire instable a montré une décroissance d'environ 30% de la fréquence fondamentale de résonance (f1) environ deux semaines avant la rupture, interprétée comme une diminution de la rigidité du contact avec le massif stable adjacent.

Mid-size rockfalls (103-105 m3) represent a substantial hazard in mountainous areas, because of relative high rate of occurrence and destructive power. Consequently, few protection means can be applied, emphasizing the need for monitoring techniques and early warning prior to the collapse. After the rupture, quantitative information on the rockfall propagation phase is scarce, owing to their suddenness and location in steep and rugged slopes. In this thesis work, an experimental approach is proposed to derive valuable information from seismic records during rockfall pre-rupture and post-rupture phases. The first part of this work aims at testing the applicability of the ambient vibration technique to monitor unstable rock compartments dynamic response in the pre-rupture phase. This technique (commonly employed in civil engineering for structural health monitoring) reveals the resonant frequencies of a structure, a decrease in frequency revealing potential damage. A previous case study of an unstable limestone compartment brought to light a #30% decrease in fundamental resonant frequency (f1) two weeks before the collapse. Following this innovative work, we selected and instrumented four prone-to-fall medium-size rock compartments located in the Occidental Alps, showing various geological contexts (limestones, argillite and shale-sandstone series), deformation patterns and failure mechnisms. Ambient vibrations recorded on-site revealed caracteristic seismic noise features. Spectral peaks were observed and attributed to resonant frequencies of the rock compartments, the fundamental resonant frequency (f1) showing clear polarization parallel to the line of maximum slope gradient, and perpendicular to the main bounding fracture observed at most of the sites. Similar findings were made for an unstable rock compartment located in a volcanic caldera, characterized by rapid morphological changes and intense rockfall activity. The dynamic response of the rear fracture network was explored, showing that spectral content of seismic noise is controlled by the caldera structure in the 0.5-5 Hz range. The direction of vibration is polarized perpendicularly to the fractures, while vibration amplitudes are linked to compartment uncoupling from the rock massif. In this case, the physical origin of seismic noise amplification may be due to complex 2D or 3D resonance effects. For the four alpine sites, the fundamental frequency f1 was monitored over more than one year, showing fluctuations clearly correlated with temperature oscillations. The thermal control over f1 is highly complex, showing both positive and negative correlations, depending on site morphology and destructuration, as well as on the studied oscillations periods (daily or seasonal). No change in fundamental frequency resulting from damage was observed over this time span. One site, characterized by intense rock fracturing and a deep-open rear fracture, showed high f1 sensitivity to temperature changes. Thermo-mechanical numerical simulations revealed that both material contraction-dilation and thermal dependancy of the elastic modulus control f1 fluctuations. In addition, high amplitude seasonal f1 oscillations were explained by ice formation in the rear fracture. A criterion was developped to separate thermal-induced f1 fluctuations from damage effects, under the hypothesis that thermal sensitivity of a rock compartment increases towards failure. The second part of this work relates to the post-rupture phase of rockfalls. The seismic records generated by two mid-size rockfalls {one natural, one provoked{ that occured in the same place were analyzed, showing complex enveloppe and spectrogram features. Both events showed close magnitude, duration and spectral content. The seismic signals of the provoked event were calibrated using video shots, allowing estimation of fallen material velocity during the successive propagation phases.