Thèse soutenue

Le courant circumpolaire antarctique dans le passage de Drake : circulation et flux de chaleur

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Auteur / Autrice : Ramiro Ferrari
Direction : Christine ProvostNathalie Sennéchael
Type : Thèse de doctorat
Discipline(s) : Océanographie Physique
Date : Soutenance en 2013
Etablissement(s) : Paris 6

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Résumé

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This thesis examines Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) circulation and the mechanisms of meridional heat transport in Drake Passage. In order to achieve these goals we used in situ measurements collected during the DRAKE project (from January 2006 to March 2009; DRAKE 2006-9), available observations from the historical DRAKE 79 experiment, satellite altimetry data (since 1993) and high resolution model outputs (ORCA 12, MERCATOR). DRAKE 2006-9 current meter records, obtained from a current meter array deployed on the eastern side of the Shackleton Fracture Zone (SFZ), suggested the existence of a permanent strong deep cyclonic circulation in the northeastern part of the Yaghan Basin and in the Ona Basin. Mooring data also revealed a vertical consistency of the velocity and temperature variations. However, the rotation of the mean velocity vector with depth indicated consistent downwelling through the entire water column practically all along the mooring line. Near-surface current meter velocities provided an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the altimetric velocities in this region. Comparison between in situ velocities and velocities derived from altimetry has shown good agreement allowing to further interpret observations at isolated mooring sites and to put them in the context of the 18-year-long satellite record. Altimetry helped to identify a dominant spatial structure associated to the presence of a strong southward meander of the Subantarctic Front in Yaghan Basin. Furthermore, it provided an accurate documentation concerning how the major topographic features control the mean location and meandering of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current frontal branches. In situ temperature and velocity time series from the DRAKE 2006-9 project were combined with the year-long historical DRAKE 79 experiment data set in order to analyse the eddy and mean flow contributions to the meridional heat flux across in the Drake Passage. Estimated cross-stream heat fluxes caused by the rotation of the mean flow with depth were found to be at least an order of magnitude larger than eddy heat fluxes. Equatorward heat fluxes caused by the mean flow found downstream the SFZ were in agreement with the general downwelling observed along the DRAKE 2006-9 project mooring array. Upstream the SFZ, however, the distribution of equatorward and poleward fluxes was puzzling. This distribution was analyzed using model outputs. Heat flux estimates due to the mean flow from the model outputs were similar to those obtained from in situ data and exhibited small spatial scales. The rough topography in Drake Passage likely promotes associated small spatial scales of vertical velocities and heat fluxes. The model-estimated heat flux due to the mean flow across the Southern ACC Front in Drake Passage (covering about 3% of the circumpolar longitudes between 48°W and 64°W) is thus on the order of 10% of the heat lost to the atmosphere south of 60°S.