Le peuple du maghrib al-aqsa et des regions subsahariennes : decouverte, connaissance et vision reciproque du xie au xvie siecle

The people of maghrib al-aqsa and sub saharian districts : knowledge, discovery and reciprocal vision xith and xvith century

• Auteur / Autrice : Mamadou Ba
• Direction : Alain Ducellier
• Type : Thèse de doctorat
• Discipline(s) : Histoire
• Date : Soutenance en 1994
• Etablissement(s) : Toulouse 2

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Résumé

S'appuyant sur la documentation ecrite fragmentaire et lacunaire en tous les cas incontestable (sources orientales, andalouse, subsahariennes et europeennes) et sur quelques prospection archeologiques, nous avons essentiellement etudie trois points : les motivations economiques et les conjonctures climatiques et politico-religieuses des premiers contacts historiques entre, d'une part les principautes, dynasties et royaumes arabo-berberes et, d'autre part les empires du bilad as-sudan notamment ghana, mali et songhay conquis par les marocains en 1591, mettant ainsi fin le dernier grand empire noir de la boucle du niger. La realite de connaissances, historiques et geographiques sur lesquelles ces peuples se sont bases afin de creer en entretenir des relations commerciales, diplomatiques et culturelles a travers le sahara occidental du xie au xvie siecle. L'impact historique de ces evenements dans le domaine economique, social, politique culturel et religieux sur les populations de ces dux univers et leurs partenaires commerciaux. En accentuant notre investigation sur les conception reciproques plus proches de la mythologie que de la realite historique, entre les musulmans du nord et les negro-africains du sud du sahara occidental nous avons egalement evoque le maghrebo-centrisme et le resultat inverse de ce processus d'arabisation linguistique et culturelle visant a annexer territorialement les confins du sudan islamise ; sans negliger, bien entendu, le sejour de ces gens du nord et leur influence sociale et religieuse sur les mentalites des sudanais ainsi que l'insertion sociale de ces esclaves noirs recules en afrique occidentale par les arabo-berberes dans les societes mediterraneennes, enfin l'esclavage, concu et ressenti dans la conception des mentalites arabes comme un etat specifique ou une finalite de la "race" noire.

Using written sources (oriental, andalusian, sub-saharan and european) which, however fragmentary and incomplete, were unavoidable, together with the results of some archaeological research, we studied three essential points : the economic motivations and the climatologicaland politico-religious contexts of the first historical contacts between the principal arab-berber dynasties and kingdoms on the one hand, and, on the orther, the empires of the biladd as soudan, and in particular ghana, mali and songay, which were conquered by the maroccan in 1591, thus putting a term to the last great black empire of the mouth of the niger. How correct was the historical and geographical knowledge on which these people relied in order to establish and keep up commercial, diplomatic and cultural relations throughout the western sahara from the 11th to the 16th centuries. The historical impact of events in the economic, social, political, cultural and religious fields on the populations of these two wortds and their partners in trade. We based our investigation on the conceptions which the muslims of the north and the negro-africans of the western sahara had of each other. These conceptions are closer to mythology than to historical fact. This led us to refer to maghrebo-centrism and the reversed results of this process of linguistic and cultural arabisation, which aimed at the annexation of the border territoires of the islamised sudan. We also studied the presence of these people from the north and their social and religous influence on the mentalities of the sudanese, together with the social inser-3 tion of the black slaves saptured in western africa by the arab-berbers belonging to mediterranean societies. Finally we dealt xwith slavery conceived of and envisaged by the arabs to be a specific state or purpose of the black race.